C Programming Code Examples
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This is the sender program using Message Queues
/* This is the sender program using Message Queues
* A message queue program that shows a client server implementation
* this is the sender program using Message Queues */
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <errno.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <sys/types.h>
#include <sys/ipc.h>
#include <sys/msg.h>
#define MAX_TEXT 512
struct my_msg_st
{
long int my_msg_type;
char some_text[MAX_TEXT];
};
int main()
{
int running = 1;
int msgid;
char ender[3] = "end";
struct my_msg_st some_data;
char buffer[BUFSIZ];
system("clear");
msgid = msgget((key_t)1234, 0666 | IPC_CREAT);
if (msgid == -1)
{
fprintf(stderr,"msgget failed with error : %d
", errno);
exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
}
while(running)
{
printf("Enter some text : ");
fgets(buffer, BUFSIZ, stdin);
if (strncmp(buffer, ender,3) == 0 )
{ running = 0; }
printf("
Text sent : %s
", buffer);
some_data.my_msg_type = 1;
strcpy(some_data.some_text, buffer);
if (msgsnd(msgid, (void *)&some_data, MAX_TEXT, 0) == -1)
{
// perror("msgsnd error");
fprintf(stderr,"msgsnd failed ");
exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
}
}
exit(EXIT_SUCCESS);
}
Writes the C string pointed by format to the standard output (stdout). If format includes format specifiers (subsequences beginning with %), the additional arguments following format are formatted and inserted in the resulting string replacing their respective specifiers. printf format string refers to a control parameter used by a class of functions in the input/output libraries of C programming language. The string is written in a simple template language: characters are usually copied literally into the function's output, but format specifiers, which start with a % character, indicate the location and method to translate a piece of data (such as a number) to characters. "printf" is the name of one of the main C output functions, and stands for "print formatted". printf format strings are complementary to scanf format strings, which provide formatted input (parsing). In both cases these provide simple functionality and fixed format compared to more sophisticated and flexible template engines or parsers,
The if-else statement is used to perform two operations for a single condition. The if-else statement is an extension to the if statement using which, we can perform two different operations, i.e., one is for the correctness of that condition, and the other is for the incorrectness of the condition. Here, we must notice that if and else block cannot be executed simiulteneously. Using if-else statement is always preferable since it always invokes an otherwise case with every if condition.
Write formatted data to stream. Writes the C string pointed by format to the stream. If format includes format specifiers (subsequences beginning with %), the additional arguments following format are formatted and inserted in the resulting string replacing their respective specifiers. After the format parameter, the function expects at least as many additional arguments as specified by format.
The msgsnd() function operates on XSI message queues (see the Base Definitions volume of IEEE Std 1003.1-2001, Section 3.224, Message Queue). It is unspecified whether this function interoperates with the realtime interprocess communication facilities defined in Realtime. The msgsnd() function shall send a message to the queue associated with the message queue identifier specified by msqid. The application shall ensure that the argument msgp points to a user-defined buffer that contains first a field of type long specifying the type of the message, and then a data portion that holds the data bytes of the message. The structure below is an example of what this user-defined buffer might look like:
The exit() function is used to terminate a process or function calling immediately in the program. It means any open file or function belonging to the process is closed immediately as the exit() function occurred in the program. The exit() function is the standard library function of the C, which is defined in the stdlib.h header file. So, we can say it is the function that forcefully terminates the current program and transfers the control to the operating system to exit the program. The exit(0) function determines the program terminates without any error message, and then the exit(1) function determines the program forcefully terminates the execution process.
Compare characters of two strings. Compares up to num characters of the C string str1 to those of the C string str2. This function starts comparing the first character of each string. If they are equal to each other, it continues with the following pairs until the characters differ, until a terminating null-character is reached, or until num characters match in both strings, whichever happens first. Function returns an integral value indicating the relationship between the strings:
Get string from stdin. Reads characters from the standard input (stdin) and stores them as a C string into str until a newline character or the end-of-file is reached. The newline character, if found, is not copied into str. A terminating null character is automatically appended after the characters copied to str. Notice that gets is quite different from fgets: not only gets uses stdin as source, but it does not include the ending newline character in the resulting string and does not allow to specify a maximum size for str (which can lead to buffer overflows).
#include is a way of including a standard or user-defined file in the program and is mostly written at the beginning of any C/C++ program. This directive is read by the preprocessor and orders it to insert the content of a user-defined or system header file into the following program. These files are mainly imported from an outside source into the current program. The process of importing such files that might be system-defined or user-defined is known as File Inclusion. This type of preprocessor directive tells the compiler to include a file in the source code program. Here are the two types of file that can be included using #include:
In C, the "main" function is treated the same as every function, it has a return type (and in some cases accepts inputs via parameters). The only difference is that the main function is "called" by the operating system when the user runs the program. Thus the main function is always the first code executed when a program starts. main() function is a user defined, body of the function is defined by the programmer or we can say main() is programmer/user implemented function, whose prototype is predefined in the compiler. Hence we can say that main() in c programming is user defined as well as predefined because it's prototype is predefined. main() is a system (compiler) declared function whose defined by the user, which is invoked automatically by the operating system when program is being executed.
The msgget() function operates on XSI message queues (see the Base Definitions volume of IEEE Std 1003.1-2001, Section 3.224, Message Queue). It is unspecified whether this function interoperates with the realtime interprocess communication facilities defined in Realtime. The msgget() function shall return the message queue identifier associated with the argument key.
Print error message. Interprets the value of errno as an error message, and prints it to stderr (the standard error output stream, usually the console), optionally preceding it with the custom message specified in str. errno is an integral variable whose value describes the error condition or diagnostic information produced by a call to a library function (any function of the C standard library may set a value for errno, even if not explicitly specified in this reference, and even if no error happened), see errno for more info.
Get string from stream. Reads characters from stream and stores them as a C string into str until (num-1) characters have been read or either a newline or the end-of-file is reached, whichever happens first. A newline character makes fgets stop reading, but it is considered a valid character by the function and included in the string copied to str. A terminating null character is automatically appended after the characters copied to str. Notice that fgets is quite different from gets: not only fgets accepts a stream argument, but also allows to specify the maximum size of str and includes in the string any ending newline character.
In the C Programming Language, the #define directive allows the definition of macros within your source code. These macro definitions allow constant values to be declared for use throughout your code. Macro definitions are not variables and cannot be changed by your program code like variables. You generally use this syntax when creating constants that represent numbers, strings or expressions.
Copy string. Copies the C string pointed by source into the array pointed by destination, including the terminating null character (and stopping at that point). To avoid overflows, the size of the array pointed by destination shall be long enough to contain the same C string as source (including the terminating null character), and should not overlap in memory with source.
While loop is also known as a pre-tested loop. In general, a while loop allows a part of the code to be executed multiple times depending upon a given boolean condition. It can be viewed as a repeating if statement. The while loop is mostly used in the case where the number of iterations is not known in advance. The while loop evaluates the test expression inside the parentheses (). If test expression is true, statements inside the body of while loop are executed. Then, test expression is evaluated again. The process goes on until test expression is evaluated to false. If test expression is false, the loop terminates.
Execute system command. Invokes the command processor to execute a command. If command is a null pointer, the function only checks whether a command processor is available through this function, without invoking any command. The effects of invoking a command depend on the system and library implementation, and may cause a program to behave in a non-standard manner or to terminate.
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