C Programming Code Examples

Compute sine. Returns the sine of an angle of x radians. The C sin Function is a C Math Library Function, used to calculate the Trigonometry Sine value for the specified expression. Value representing an angle expressed in radians. One radian is equivalent to 180/PI degrees. This function returns the sine of the radian angle x. The sin function accepts an angle in radians and gives its sine value, which can be confirmed using a sine curve.

This library function is declared in graphics.h and used to draw a circle; it takes centre point coordinates and radius. Circle function is used to draw a circle with center (x,y) and third parameter specifies the radius of the circle. The code given below draws a circle. Where, (x, y) is center of the circle. 'radius' is the Radius of the circle. X-coordinate of the circle Y-coordinate of the circle radius of the circle This function does not return any value.

The header file graphics.h contains setfillstyle() function which sets the current fill pattern and fill color. Current fill pattern and fill color is used to fill the area. setfillstyle sets the current fill pattern and fill color. To set a user-defined fill pattern, do not give a pattern of 12 (USER_FILL) to setfillstyle; instead, call setfillpattern. Specify the color • BLACK – 0 • BLUE – 1 • GREEN – 2 • CYAN – 3 • RED – 4 • MAGENTA – 5 • BROWN – 6 • LIGHTGRAY – 7 • DARKGRAY – 8 • LIGHTBLUE – 9 • LIGHTGREEN – 10 • LIGHTCYAN – 11 • LIGHTRED – 12 • LIGHTMAGENTA – 13 • YELLOW – 14 • WHITE – 15 Specify the pattern • EMPTY_FILL – 0 • SOLID_FILL – 1 • LINE_FILL – 2 • LTSLASH_FILL – 3 • SLASH_FILL – 4 • BKSLASH_FILL – 5 • LTBKSLASH_FILL – 6 • HATCH_FILL – 7 • XHATCH_FILL – 8 • INTERLEAVE_FILL – 9 • WIDE_DOT_FILL – 10 • CLOSE_DOT_FILL – 11 • USER_FILL – 12 If invalid input is passed to setfillstyle, graphresult returns -1(grError), and the current fill pattern and fill color remain unchanged. Note: The EMPTY_FILL style is like a solid fill using the current background color (which is set by setbkcolor).

initgraph initializes the graphics system by loading a graphics driver from disk (or validating a registered driver), and putting the system into graphics mode. To start the graphics system, first call the initgraph function. initgraph loads the graphics driver and puts the system into graphics mode. You can tell initgraph to use a particular graphics driver and mode, or to autodetect the attached video adapter at run time and pick the corresponding driver. If you tell initgraph to autodetect, it calls detectgraph to select a graphics driver and mode. initgraph also resets all graphics settings to their defaults (current position, palette, color, viewport, and so on) and resets graphresult to 0. Normally, initgraph loads a graphics driver by allocating memory for the driver (through _graphgetmem), then loading the appropriate .BGI file from disk. As an alternative to this dynamic loading scheme, you can link a graphics driver file (or several of them) directly into your executable program file. pathtodriver specifies the directory path where initgraph looks for graphics drivers. initgraph first looks in the path specified in pathtodriver, then (if they are not there) in the current directory. Accordingly, if pathtodriver is null, the driver files (*.BGI) must be in the current directory. This is also the path settextstyle searches for the stroked character font files (*.CHR). graphdriver is an integer that specifies the graphics driver to be used. You can give it a value using a constant of the graphics_drivers enumeration type, which is defined in graphics.h and listed below. • DETECT – 0 (requests autodetect) • CGA – 1 • MCGA – 2 • EGA – 3 • EGA64 – 4 • EGAMONO – 5 • IBM8514 – 6 • HERCMONO – 7 • ATT400 – 8 • VGA – 9 • PC3270 – 10 graphmode is an integer that specifies the initial graphics mode (unless *graphdriver equals DETECT; in which case, *graphmode is set by initgraph to the highest resolution available for the detected driver). You can give *graphmode a value using a constant of the graphics_modes enumeration type, which is defined in graphics.h and listed below. initgraph always sets the internal error code; on success, it sets the code to 0. If an error occurred, *graphdriver is set to -2, -3, -4, or -5, and graphresult returns the same value as listed below: • grNotDetected: -2 Cannot detect a graphics card • grFileNotFound: -3 Cannot find driver file • grInvalidDriver: -4 Invalid driver • grNoLoadMem: -5 Insufficient memory to load driver

restorecrtmode restores the original video mode detected by initgraph. This function can be used in conjunction with setgraphmode to switch back and forth between text and graphics modes. Textmode should not be used for this purpose; use it only when the screen is in text mode, to change to a different text mode. restorecrtmode() restores the original screen mode that existed prior to calling initgraph(). Most often, this represents the text mode. restorecrtmode() and setgraphmode() can be alternately called to switch between text and graphics mode. Function returns nothing.

In the C Programming Language, the #define directive allows the definition of macros within your source code. These macro definitions allow constant values to be declared for use throughout your code. Macro definitions are not variables and cannot be changed by your program code like variables. You generally use this syntax when creating constants that represent numbers, strings or expressions. is the name of a particular constant. It can either be defined in smaller case or upper case or both. Most of the developers prefer the constant names to be in the upper case to find the differences. defines the value of the constant. is the value that is assigned to that constant which is defined. The expression should always be enclosed within the brackets if it has any operators. In the C programming language, the preprocessor directive acts an important role within which the #define directive is present that is used to define the constant or the micro substitution. The #define directive can use any of the basic data types present in the C standard. The #define preprocessor directive lets a programmer or a developer define the macros within the source code. This macro definition will allow the constant value that should be declared for the usage. Macro definitions cannot be changed within the program's code as one does with other variables, as macros are not variables. The #define is usually used in syntax that created a constant that is used to represent numbers, strings, or other expressions. The #define directive should not be enclosed with the semicolon(;). It is a common mistake done, and one should always treat this directive as any other header file. Enclosing it with a semicolon will generate an error. The #define creates a macro, which is in association with an identifier or is parameterized identifier along with a token string. After the macro is defined, then the compiler can substitute the token string for each occurrence of the identifier within the source file.

#include is a way of including a standard or user-defined file in the program and is mostly written at the beginning of any C/C++ program. This directive is read by the preprocessor and orders it to insert the content of a user-defined or system header file into the following program. These files are mainly imported from an outside source into the current program. The process of importing such files that might be system-defined or user-defined is known as File Inclusion. This type of preprocessor directive tells the compiler to include a file in the source code program. Here are the two types of file that can be included using #include: • Header File or Standard files: This is a file which contains C/C++ function declarations and macro definitions to be shared between several source files. Functions like the printf(), scanf(), cout, cin and various other input-output or other standard functions are contained within different header files. So to utilise those functions, the users need to import a few header files which define the required functions. • User-defined files: These files resembles the header files, except for the fact that they are written and defined by the user itself. This saves the user from writing a particular function multiple times. Once a user-defined file is written, it can be imported anywhere in the program using the #include preprocessor. Including using " ": When using the double quotes(" "), the preprocessor access the current directory in which the source "header_file" is located. This type is mainly used to access any header files of the user's program or user-defined files. Including using <>: While importing file using angular brackets(<>), the the preprocessor uses a predetermined directory path to access the file. It is mainly used to access system header files located in the standard system directories.

outtextxy displays a text string in the viewport at the given position (x, y), using the current justification settings and the current font, direction, and size. To maintain code compatibility when using several fonts, use textwidth and textheight to determine the dimensions of the string. If a string is printed with the default font using outtext or outtextxy, any part of the string that extends outside the current viewport is truncated. outtextxy is for use in graphics mode; it will not work in text mode. x-coordinate of the point y-coordinate of the point string to be displayed where, x, y are coordinates of the point and, third argument contains the address of string to be displayed. This function does not return any value.

C supports nesting of loops in C. Nesting of loops is the feature in C that allows the looping of statements inside another loop. Any number of loops can be defined inside another loop, i.e., there is no restriction for defining any number of loops. The nesting level can be defined at n times. You can define any type of loop inside another loop; for example, you can define 'while' loop inside a 'for' loop. A loop inside another loop is called a nested loop. The depth of nested loop depends on the complexity of a problem. We can have any number of nested loops as required. Consider a nested loop where the outer loop runs n times and consists of another loop inside it. The inner loop runs m times. Then, the total number of times the inner loop runs during the program execution is n*m. Outer_loop and Inner_loop are the valid loops that can be a 'for' loop, 'while' loop or 'do-while' loop.

The time() function is defined in time.h header file. This function returns the time since 00:00:00 UTC, January 1, 1970 (Unix timestamp) in seconds. If second is not a null pointer, the returned value is also stored in the object pointed to by second. This function accepts single parameter second. This parameter is used to set the time_t object which store the time. This function returns current calender time as a object of type time_t. It is used to get current system time as structure. time() function is a useful utility function that we can use to measure the elapsed time of our program.

floodfill function is used to fill an enclosed area. Current fill pattern and fill color is used to fill the area.(x, y) is any point on the screen if (x,y) lies inside the area then inside will be filled otherwise outside will be filled,border specifies the color of boundary of area. To change fill pattern and fill color use setfillstyle. floodfill fills an enclosed area on bitmap devices. (x,y) is a "seed point" within the enclosed area to be filled. The area bounded by the color border is flooded with the current fill pattern and fill color. If the seed point is within an enclosed area, the inside will be filled. If the seed is outside the enclosed area, the exterior will be filled. Use fillpoly instead of floodfill whenever possible so that you can maintain code compatibility with future versions. X coordinate of point on the screen Y coordinate of point on the screen specifies the color of border of the enclosed area. int values corresponding to colors: • BLACK – 0 • BLUE – 1 • GREEN – 2 • CYAN – 3 • RED – 4 • MAGENTA – 5 • BROWN – 6 • LIGHTGRAY – 7 • DARKGRAY – 8 • LIGHTBLUE – 9 • LIGHTGREEN – 10 • LIGHTCYAN – 11 • LIGHTRED – 12 • LIGHTMAGENTA – 13 • YELLOW – 14 • WHITE – 15 If an error occurs while flooding a region, graphresult returns a value of -7.

The header file graphics.h contains closegraph() function which closes the graphics mode, deallocates all memory allocated by graphics system and restores the screen to the mode it was in before you called initgraph. closegraph() function is used to re-enter in the text mode and exit from the graphics mode. If you want to use both text mode and graphics mode in the program then you have to use both initgraph() and closegraph() function in the program. This function does not return any value.

The nosound() function in C language is used to stop the sound played by sound() function. nosound() function is simply silent the system. Sound function produces the sound of a specified frequency and nosound function turn off the PC speaker.

Convert time_t to tm as local time. Uses the value pointed by timer to fill a tm structure with the values that represent the corresponding time, expressed for the local timezone. The localtime() function returns a pointer to the broken-down form of time in the form of a tm structure. The time is represented in local time. The time pointer is usually obtained through a call to time(). The structure used by localtime() to hold the broken-down time is statically allocated and is overwritten each time the function is called. If you wish to save the contents of the structure, you must copy it elsewhere. Pointer to an object of type time_t that contains a time value. time_t is an alias of a fundamental arithmetic type capable of representing times as returned by function time. Function returns a pointer to a tm structure with its members filled with the values that correspond to the local time representation of timer. The returned value points to an internal object whose validity or value may be altered by any subsequent call to gmtime or localtime. Following is the tm structure information: The function accesses the object pointed by timer. The function also accesses and modifies a shared internal object, which may introduce data races on concurrent calls to gmtime and localtime. Some libraries provide an alternative function that avoids this data race: localtime_r (non-portable).

Compute cosine. Returns the cosine of an angle of x radians. The C cos Function is a C Math Library Function, used to calculate the Trigonometry Cosine value for the specified expression. Value representing an angle expressed in radians. One radian is equivalent to 180/PI degrees. This function returns cosine of x radians. The value returned by cos() is always in the range: -1 to 1.

line() is a library function of graphics.c in c programming language which is used to draw a line from two coordinates. line() function is used to draw a line from a point(x1,y1) to point(x2,y2) i.e. (x1,y1) and (x2,y2) are end points of the line. X coordinate of first point Y coordinate of first point. X coordinate of second point. Y coordinate of second point. This is a predefined function named line which is used to draw a line on the output screen. It takes 4 arguments, first two parameters represent an initial point and the last two arguments are for the final points of the line.

setcolor() function is used to set the foreground color in graphics mode. After resetting the foreground color you will get the text or any other shape which you want to draw in that color. setcolor sets the current drawing color to color, which can range from 0 to getmaxcolor. The current drawing color is the value to which pixels are set when lines, and so on are drawn. The drawing colors shown below are available for the CGA and EGA, respectively. Each color is assigned a number. The possible color values are from 0 - 15: • BLACK – 0 • BLUE – 1 • GREEN – 2 • CYAN – 3 • RED – 4 • MAGENTA – 5 • BROWN – 6 • LIGHTGRAY – 7 • DARKGRAY – 8 • LIGHTBLUE – 9 • LIGHTGREEN – 10 • LIGHTCYAN – 11 • LIGHTRED – 12 • LIGHTMAGENTA – 13 • YELLOW – 14 • WHITE – 15 setcolor() functions contains only one argument that is color. It may be the color name enumerated in graphics.h header file or number assigned with that color.

In C, the "main" function is treated the same as every function, it has a return type (and in some cases accepts inputs via parameters). The only difference is that the main function is "called" by the operating system when the user runs the program. Thus the main function is always the first code executed when a program starts. main() function is a user defined, body of the function is defined by the programmer or we can say main() is programmer/user implemented function, whose prototype is predefined in the compiler. Hence we can say that main() in c programming is user defined as well as predefined because it's prototype is predefined. main() is a system (compiler) declared function whose defined by the user, which is invoked automatically by the operating system when program is being executed. Its first function or entry point of the program from where program start executed, program's execution starts from the main. So main is an important function in c , c++ programming language. is a keyword in C language, void means nothing, whenever we use void as a function return type then that function nothing return. here main() function no return any value. In place of void we can also use int return type of main() function, at that time main() return integer type value. is a name of function which is predefined function in C library. • An operating system always calls the main() function when a programmers or users execute their programming code. • It is responsible for starting and ends of the program. • It is a universally accepted keyword in programming language and cannot change its meaning and name. • A main() function is a user-defined function in C that means we can pass parameters to the main() function according to the requirement of a program. • A main() function is used to invoke the programming code at the run time, not at the compile time of a program. • A main() function is followed by opening and closing parenthesis brackets.

The for loop is used in the case where we need to execute some part of the code until the given condition is satisfied. The for loop is also called as a per-tested loop. It is better to use for loop if the number of iteration is known in advance. The for-loop statement is a very specialized while loop, which increases the readability of a program. It is frequently used to traverse the data structures like the array and linked list. First initialization happens and the counter variable gets initialized. In the second step the condition is checked, where the counter variable is tested for the given condition, if the condition returns true then the C statements inside the body of for loop gets executed, if the condition returns false then the for loop gets terminated and the control comes out of the loop. After successful execution of statements inside the body of loop, the counter variable is incremented or decremented, depending on the operation (++ or --).

Our system can create various sounds on different frequencies. The sound() is very useful as it can create very nice music with the help of programming and our user can enjoy music during working in out the program. Sound function produces the sound of a specified frequency. Used for adding music to a C program, try to use some random values in loop, vary delay and enjoy. The delay() function has been used in this function to delay for the next sound. The Second thing is the nosound() function, which simply silent the system. These two functions are from file dos.h, which should be included in the program.

setlinestyle() is a function which is used to draw the line of different- different styles. Turbo C compiler provides five line styles that are solid, dotted, center, dashed and user defined. These all five line styles are already enumerated in graphics.h header file as given below: setlinestyle() function contains three parameters type, pattern and thickness. First parameter contains the type of line like solid, dashed or dotted etc. • SOLID_LINE 0 Solid line • DOTTED_LINE 1 Dotted line • CENTER_LINE 2 Centered line • DASHED_LINE 3 Dashed line • USERBIT_LINE 4 User-defined line style Second parameter is applicable only when type of line is user defined. Third parameter specifies the thickness of the line it takes values 1 (line thickness of one pixel (normal)) or 3 (line thickness of three pixels (thick). • NORM_WIDTH 1 1 pixel wide • THICK_WIDTH 3 3 pixels wide Note: The linestyle parameter does not affect arcs, circles, ellipses, or pie slices. Only the thickness parameter is used. If invalid input is passed to setlinestyle, graphresult returns -11, and the current line style remains unchanged.

The header file graphics.h contains cleardevice() function. cleardevice() is a function which is used to clear the screen by filling the whole screen with the current background color. It means that cleardevice() function is used to clear the whole screen with the current background color and it also sets the current position to (0,0). . Both clrscr() and cleardevice() functions are used to clear the screen but clrscr() is used in text mode and cleardevice function is used in the graphics mode. Clearing the screen is always an issue for developers, because now and then we want to show the user some useful or important data, which should be highlighted or at least have user's attention. It is important to note that, after clearing the device, we will lose all our drawing, shapes or images. It is useful but be little cautious.

Convert time_t value to string. Interprets the value pointed by timer as a calendar time and converts it to a C-string containing a human-readable version of the corresponding time and date, in terms of local time. The returned string has the following format: Www Mmm dd hh:mm:ss yyyy Where Www is the weekday, Mmm the month (in letters), dd the day of the month, hh:mm:ss the time, and yyyy the year. The string is followed by a new-line character ('\n') and terminated with a null-character. This function is equivalent to: asctime(localtime(timer)) The C library function char *ctime(const time_t *timer) returns a string representing the localtime based on the argument timer. The returned string has the following format: Www Mmm dd hh:mm:ss yyyy, where Www is the weekday, Mmm the month in letters, dd the day of the month, hh:mm:ss the time, and yyyy the year. The ctime() function is define in the time.h header file. The ctime() function returns the string representing the localtime based on the argument timer. Pointer to an object of type time_t that contains a time value. time_t is an alias of a fundamental arithmetic type capable of representing times as returned by function time. A C-string containing the date and time information in a human-readable format. The returned value points to an internal array whose validity or value may be altered by any subsequent call to asctime or ctime. Day of week Month name Day of month Hour digit Minute digit Second digit Year digit The function accesses the object pointed by timer. The function also accesses and modifies a shared internal buffer, which may cause data races on concurrent calls to asctime or ctime. Some libraries provide an alternative function that avoids this data race: ctime_r (non-portable).

Convert string to integer. Parses the C-string str interpreting its content as an integral number, which is returned as a value of type int. The function first discards as many whitespace characters (as in isspace) as necessary until the first non-whitespace character is found. Then, starting from this character, takes an optional initial plus or minus sign followed by as many base-10 digits as possible, and interprets them as a numerical value. The string can contain additional characters after those that form the integral number, which are ignored and have no effect on the behavior of this function. If the first sequence of non-whitespace characters in str is not a valid integral number, or if no such sequence exists because either str is empty or it contains only whitespace characters, no conversion is performed and zero is returned. C-string beginning with the representation of an integral number. The atoi() function converts a string of characters representing a numeral into a number of int. Similarly, atol() returns a long integer, and in C99, the atoll() function converts a string into an integer of type long long. The conversion ignores any leading whitespace characters (spaces, tabs, newlines). A leading plus sign is permissible; a minus sign makes the return value negative. Any character that cannot be interpreted as part of an integer, such as a decimal point or exponent sign, has the effect of terminating the numeral input, so that atoi() converts only the partial string to the left of that character. If under these conditions the string still does not appear to represent a numeral, then atoi() returns 0. On success, the function returns the converted integral number as an int value. If the converted value would be out of the range of representable values by an int, it causes undefined behavior. See strtol for a more robust cross-platform alternative when this is a possibility. The array pointed by str is accessed.

Function clrscr() clears the screen and moves the cursor to the upper left-hand corner of the screen. If you are using the GCC compiler, use system function to execute the clear/cls command. clrscr() function is also a non-standard function defined in "conio.h" header. This function is used to clear the console screen. It is often used at the beginning of the program (mostly after variable declaration but not necessarily) so that the console is clear for our output.

The getch() is a predefined non-standard function that is defined in conio.h header file. It is mostly used by the Dev C/C++, MS- DOS's compilers like Turbo C to hold the screen until the user passes a single value to exit from the console screen. It can also be used to read a single byte character or string from the keyboard and then print. It does not hold any parameters. It has no buffer area to store the input character in a program. The getch() function does not accept any parameter from the user. It returns the ASCII value of the key pressed by the user as an input. We use a getch() function in a C/ C++ program to hold the output screen for some time until the user passes a key from the keyboard to exit the console screen. Using getch() function, we can hide the input character provided by the users in the ATM PIN, password, etc. • getch() method pauses the Output Console until a key is pressed. • It does not use any buffer to store the input character. • The entered character is immediately returned without waiting for the enter key. • The entered character does not show up on the console. • The getch() method can be used to accept hidden inputs like password, ATM pin numbers, etc.

Delay function is used to suspend execution of a program for a particular time. delay() function requires a parameter which should be a number, defining the milliseconds for the delay. To use delay function in your program you should include the "dos.h" header file which is not a part of standard C library. Here unsigned int is the number of milliseconds (remember 1 second = 1000 milliseconds). sleep() function requires a parameter which should be a number, defining the seconds to sleep. These functions are pretty useful when you want to show the user multiple outputs, for a given period of time. The nice thing about this is that we can also make alarm and reminder for the user in our program. Hence, these two functions are pretty handy, if you are planning to make a real-world application.

Convert tm structure to string. Interprets the contents of the tm structure pointed by timeptr as a calendar time and converts it to a C-string containing a human-readable version of the corresponding date and time. Converts a date and time structure to string form. The single argument of the asctime() function is a pointer to a structure of type struct tm, in which a date and time is represented by elements for the year, month, day, hour, and so on. The asctime() function returns a pointer to a string of 26 bytes containing the date and time in a timestamp format. The day of the week and the month are abbreviated with the first three letters of their English names, with no period. If the day of the month is a single digit, an additional space fills the place of its tens digit. If the hour is less than ten, it is represented with a leading zero. Pointer to a tm structure that contains a calendar time broken down into its components (see struct tm). The timeptr is a pointer to tm structure that contains a calendar time broken down into its components as shown below Function returns a C-string containing the date and time information in a human-readable format. The returned value points to an internal array whose validity or value may be altered by any subsequent call to asctime or ctime. The returned string has the following format: Www Mmm dd hh:mm:ss yyyy Where Www is the weekday, Mmm the month (in letters), dd the day of the month, hh:mm:ss the time, and yyyy the year. • Www: represents the day in three letter abbreviated (Mon, Tue, Wed.., ) • Mmm: represents the month in three letter abbreviated (Jan, Feb, Mar.., ) • dd: represents the date in two digits (01, 02, 10, 21, 31.., ) • hh: represents the hour (11, 12, 13, 22..., ) • mm: represents the minutes (10, 11, 12, 45..., ) • ss: represents the seconds (10, 20, 30..., ) • yyyy: represents the year in four digits (2000, 2001, 2019, 2020..., ) The string is followed by a new-line character ('\n') and terminated with a null-character. The function accesses the object pointed by timeptr. The function also accesses and modifies a shared internal buffer, which may cause data races on concurrent calls to asctime or ctime. Some libraries provide an alternative function that avoids this data race: asctime_r (non-portable).

setbkcolor() function is used to set the background color in graphics mode. The default background color is black and default drawing color as we know is white. setbkcolor() function takes only one argument it would be either the name of color defined in graphics.h header file or number associated with those colors. If we write setbkcolor(yellow) it changes the background color in Green. • BLACK – 0 • BLUE – 1 • GREEN – 2 • CYAN – 3 • RED – 4 • MAGENTA – 5 • BROWN – 6 • LIGHTGRAY – 7 • DARKGRAY – 8 • LIGHTBLUE – 9 • LIGHTGREEN – 10 • LIGHTCYAN – 11 • LIGHTRED – 12 • LIGHTMAGENTA – 13 • YELLOW – 14 • WHITE – 15 On CGA and EGA systems, setbkcolor changes the background color by changing the first entry in the palette. If you use an EGA or a VGA, and you change the palette colors with setpalette or setallpalette, the defined symbolic constants might not give you the correct color. This is because the parameter to setbkcolor indicates the entry number in the current palette rather than a specific color (unless the parameter passed is 0, which always sets the background color to black).

Settextstyle function is used to change the way in which text appears, using it we can modify the size of text, change direction of text and change the font of text. settextstyle sets the text font, the direction in which text is displayed, and the size of the characters. A call to settextstyle affects all text output by outtext and outtextxy. One 8x8 bit-mapped font and several "stroked" fonts are available. The 8x8 bit-mapped font is the default. The enumeration font_names, which is defined in graphics.h, provides names for these different font settings: • DEFAULT_FONT – 0 8x8 bit-mapped font • TRIPLEX_FONT – 1 Stroked triplex font • SMALL_FONT – 2 Stroked small font • SANS_SERIF_FONT – 3 Stroked sans-serif font • GOTHIC_FONT – 4 Stroked gothic font • SCRIPT_FONT – 5 Stroked script font • SIMPLEX_FONT – 6 Stroked triplex script font • TRIPLEX_SCR_FONT – 7 Stroked triplex script font • COMPLEX_FONT – 8 Stroked complex font • EUROPEAN_FONT – 9 Stroked European font • BOLD_FONT – 10 Stroked bold font The default bit-mapped font is built into the graphics system. Stroked fonts are stored in *.CHR disk files, and only one at a time is kept in memory. Therefore, when you select a stroked font (different from the last selected stroked font), the corresponding *.CHR file must be loaded from disk. To avoid this loading when several stroked fonts are used, you can link font files into your program. Do this by converting them into object files with the BGIOBJ utility, then registering them through registerbgifont. Font directions supported are horizontal text (left to right) and vertical text (rotated 90 degrees counterclockwise). The default direction is HORIZ_DIR. The size of each character can be magnified using the charsize factor. If charsize is nonzero, it can affect bit-mapped or stroked characters. A charsize value of 0 can be used only with stroked fonts. • If charsize equals 1, outtext and outtextxy displays characters from the 8x8 bit-mapped font in an 8x8 pixel rectangle onscreen. • If charsize equals 2, these output functions display characters from the 8x8 bit-mapped font in a 16*16 pixel rectangle, and so on (up to a limit of ten times the normal size). • When charsize equals 0, the output functions outtext and outtextxy magnify the stroked font text using either the default character magnification factor (4) or the user-defined character size given by setusercharsize. Always use textheight and textwidth to determine the actual dimensions of the text. This function needs to be called before the outtextxy() function, otherwise there will be no effect on text and output will be the same.

bar3d draws a three-dimensional rectangular bar, then fills it using the current fill pattern and fill color. The three-dimensional outline of the bar is drawn in the current line style and color. The bar's depth in pixels is given by depth. The topflag parameter governs whether a three-dimensional top is put on the bar. If topflag is nonzero, a top is put on; otherwise, no top is put on the bar (making it possible to stack several bars on top of one another). The upper left and lower right corners of the rectangle are given by (left, top) and (right, bottom), respectively. specifies the X-coordinate of top left corner specifies the Y-coordinate of top left corner specifies the X-coordinate of right bottom corner specifies the Y-coordinate of right bottom corner specifies the depth of bar in pixels determines whether a 3 dimensional top is put on the bar or not ( if it's non-zero then it's put otherwise not ). bar3d function is used to draw a 2-dimensional, rectangular filled in bar. Coordinates of left top and right bottom corner of bar are required to draw the bar. Current fill pattern and fill color is used to fill the bar. To change fill pattern and fill color use setfillstyle. This function does not return any value.