C Programming Code Examples
C > Miscellaneous Code Examples
C Program to Demonstrate Nested Printf Statements
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/* C Program to Demonstrate Nested Printf Statements
"c.happycodings.com - abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz" will be first Printed while executing inner printf
Total Length of the "c.happycodings.com - abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz" is 44
So printf will return total length of string
It returns 44 to outer printf
This outer printf will print 44 */
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main() {
clrscr();
printf("%d", printf("c.happycodings.com - abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz"));
getch();
}
Standard Input/Output Devices in C
When we say Input, it means to feed some data into a program. An input can be given in the form of a file or from the command line. C programming provides a set of built-in functions to read the given input and feed it to the program as per requirement.
When we say Output, it means to display some data on screen, printer, or in any file. C programming provides a set of built-in functions to output the data on the computer screen as well as to save it in text or binary files.
C programming treats all the devices as files. So devices such as the display are addressed in the same way as files and the following three files are automatically opened when a program executes to provide access to the keyboard and screen.
• Standard input: stdin(Keyboard).
• Standard output: stdout(Screen).
• Standard error: stderr(Your screen).
The file pointers are the means to access the file for reading and writing purpose. This section explains how to read values from the screen and how to print the result on the screen.
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/* C language provides standard library functions to read any given input and to display data on the console. */
#include<stdlib.h>
#include<stdio.h>
int main()
{
char chr;
float num1;
double num2;
int i;
printf("Enter a character: ");
scanf("%c", &chr);
// When %c is used, a character is displayed
printf("You entered %c.\n",chr);
// When %d is used, ASCII value is displayed
printf("ASCII value is %d.", chr);
printf("Enter a number: ");
scanf("%f", &num1);
printf("Enter another number: ");
scanf("%lf", &num2);
printf("num1 = %f\n", num1);
printf("num2 = %lf", num2);
printf("Enter a value: ");
i = getchar();
printf("You entered: ");
putchar(i);
return 0;
}
#include Directive in C
#include is a way of including a standard or user-defined file in the program and is mostly written at the beginning of any C/C++ program. This directive is read by the preprocessor and orders it to insert the content of a user-defined or system header file into the following program. These files are mainly imported from an outside source into the current program. The process of importing such files that might be system-defined or user-defined is known as File Inclusion. This type of preprocessor directive tells the compiler to include a file in the source code program. Here are the two types of file that can be included using #include:
• Header File or Standard files: This is a file which contains C/C++ function declarations and macro definitions to be shared between several source files. Functions like the printf(), scanf(), cout, cin and various other input-output or other standard functions are contained within different header files. So to utilise those functions, the users need to import a few header files which define the required functions.
• User-defined files: These files resembles the header files, except for the fact that they are written and defined by the user itself. This saves the user from writing a particular function multiple times. Once a user-defined file is written, it can be imported anywhere in the program using the #include preprocessor.
Syntax for #include Directive in C
#include "user-defined_file"
#include <header_file>
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/* #include directive tells the preprocessor to insert the contents of another file into the source code at the point where the #include directive is found. */
// C program to illustrate file inclusion
// <> used to import system header file
#include <stdio.h>
// " " used to import user-defined file
#include "process.h"
// main function
int main()
{
// add function defined in process.h
add(10, 20);
// mult function defined in process.h
multiply(10, 20);
// printf defined in stdio.h
printf("Process completed");
return 0;
}
clrscr() Function in C
Function clrscr() clears the screen and moves the cursor to the upper left-hand corner of the screen. If you are using the GCC compiler, use system function to execute the clear/cls command. clrscr() function is also a non-standard function defined in "conio.h" header. This function is used to clear the console screen. It is often used at the beginning of the program (mostly after variable declaration but not necessarily) so that the console is clear for our output.
Syntax to Clear the Console in C
#include<conio.h>
clrscr();
OR
system("cls");
OR
system("clear");
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/* clear the screen and moves the cursor to the upper left-hand corner of the screen by clrscr() function example. */
#include <stdio.h>
// clrscr() function definition
void clrscr(void)
{
system("clear");
}
int main()
{
clrscr(); //clear output screen
printf("Hello World!!!"); //print message
return 0;
}
getch() Function in C
The getch() is a predefined non-standard function that is defined in conio.h header file. It is mostly used by the Dev C/C++, MS- DOS's compilers like Turbo C to hold the screen until the user passes a single value to exit from the console screen. It can also be used to read a single byte character or string from the keyboard and then print. It does not hold any parameters. It has no buffer area to store the input character in a program.
Syntax for getch() Function in C
#include <conio.h>
int getch(void);
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/* wait for any character input from keyboard by getch() function example. */
// C code to illustrate working of
// getch() to accept hidden inputs
#include <conio.h>
#include <dos.h> // delay()
#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>
void main()
{
// Taking the password of 8 characters
char pwd[9];
int i;
// To clear the screen
clrscr();
printf("Enter Password: ");
for (i = 0; i < 8; i++) {
// Get the hidden input
// using getch() method
pwd[i] = getch();
// Print * to show that
// a character is entered
printf("*");
}
pwd[i] = '\0';
printf("\n");
// Now the hidden input is stored in pwd[]
// So any operation can be done on it
// Here we are just printing
printf("Entered password: ");
for (i = 0; pwd[i] != '\0'; i++)
printf("%c", pwd[i]);
// Now the console will wait
// for a key to be pressed
getch();
}
printf() Function in C
Writes the C string pointed by format to the standard output (stdout). If format includes format specifiers (subsequences beginning with %), the additional arguments following format are formatted and inserted in the resulting string replacing their respective specifiers.
printf format string refers to a control parameter used by a class of functions in the input/output libraries of C programming language. The string is written in a simple template language: characters are usually copied literally into the function's output, but format specifiers, which start with a % character, indicate the location and method to translate a piece of data (such as a number) to characters. "printf" is the name of one of the main C output functions, and stands for "print formatted". printf format strings are complementary to scanf format strings, which provide formatted input (parsing). In both cases these provide simple functionality and fixed format compared to more sophisticated and flexible template engines or parsers, but are sufficient for many purposes.
Syntax for printf() function in C
#include <stdio.h>
int printf ( const char * format, ... );
format
C string that contains the text to be written to stdout.
It can optionally contain embedded format specifiers that are replaced by the values specified in subsequent additional arguments and formatted as requested.
A format specifier follows this prototype: [see compatibility note below]
%[flags][width][.precision][length]specifier
Where the specifier character at the end is the most significant component, since it defines the type and the interpretation of its corresponding argument:
specifier
a conversion format specifier.
d or i
Signed decimal integer
u
Unsigned decimal integer
o
Unsigned octal
x
Unsigned hexadecimal integer
X
Unsigned hexadecimal integer (uppercase)
f
Decimal floating point, lowercase
F
Decimal floating point, uppercase
e
Scientific notation (mantissa/exponent), lowercase
E
Scientific notation (mantissa/exponent), uppercase
g
Use the shortest representation: %e or %f
G
Use the shortest representation: %E or %F
a
Hexadecimal floating point, lowercase
A
Hexadecimal floating point, uppercase
c
Character
s
String of characters
p
Pointer address
n
Nothing printed. The corresponding argument must be a pointer to a signed int. The number of characters written so far is stored in the pointed location.
%
A % followed by another % character will write a single % to the stream.
The format specifier can also contain sub-specifiers: flags, width, .precision and modifiers (in that order), which are optional and follow these specifications:
flags
one or more flags that modifies the conversion behavior (optional)
-
Left-justify within the given field width; Right justification is the default (see width sub-specifier).
+
Forces to preceed the result with a plus or minus sign (+ or -) even for positive numbers. By default, only negative numbers are preceded with a - sign.
(space)
If no sign is going to be written, a blank space is inserted before the value.
#
Used with o, x or X specifiers the value is preceeded with 0, 0x or 0X respectively for values different than zero. Used with a, A, e, E, f, F, g or G it forces the written output to contain a decimal point even if no more digits follow. By default, if no digits follow, no decimal point is written.
0
Left-pads the number with zeroes (0) instead of spaces when padding is specified (see width sub-specifier).
width
an optional * or integer value used to specify minimum width field.
(number)
Minimum number of characters to be printed. If the value to be printed is shorter than this number, the result is padded with blank spaces. The value is not truncated even if the result is larger.
*
The width is not specified in the format string, but as an additional integer value argument preceding the argument that has to be formatted.
.precision
an optional field consisting of a . followed by * or integer or nothing to specify the precision.
.number
For integer specifiers (d, i, o, u, x, X): precision specifies the minimum number of digits to be written. If the value to be written is shorter than this number, the result is padded with leading zeros. The value is not truncated even if the result is longer. A precision of 0 means that no character is written for the value 0.
For a, A, e, E, f and F specifiers: this is the number of digits to be printed after the decimal point (by default, this is 6).
For g and G specifiers: This is the maximum number of significant digits to be printed.
For s: this is the maximum number of characters to be printed. By default all characters are printed until the ending null character is encountered.
If the period is specified without an explicit value for precision, 0 is assumed.
.*
The precision is not specified in the format string, but as an additional integer value argument preceding the argument that has to be formatted.
length
an optional length modifier that specifies the size of the argument.
... (additional arguments)
Depending on the format string, the function may expect a sequence of additional arguments, each containing a value to be used to replace a format specifier in the format string (or a pointer to a storage location, for n).
There should be at least as many of these arguments as the number of values specified in the format specifiers. Additional arguments are ignored by the function.
If a writing error occurs, the error indicator (ferror) is set and a negative number is returned.
If a multibyte character encoding error occurs while writing wide characters, errno is set to EILSEQ and a negative number is returned.
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/* print formatted data to stdout by printf() function example */
#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
char ch;
char str[100];
int a;
float b;
printf("Enter any character \n");
scanf("%c", &ch);
printf("Entered character is %c \n", ch);
printf("Enter any string ( upto 100 character ) \n");
scanf("%s", &str);
printf("Entered string is %s \n", str);
printf("Enter integer and then a float: ");
// Taking multiple inputs
scanf("%d%f", &a, &b);
printf("You entered %d and %f", a, b);
return 0;
}
main() Function in C
In C, the "main" function is treated the same as every function, it has a return type (and in some cases accepts inputs via parameters). The only difference is that the main function is "called" by the operating system when the user runs the program. Thus the main function is always the first code executed when a program starts.
main() function is a user defined, body of the function is defined by the programmer or we can say main() is programmer/user implemented function, whose prototype is predefined in the compiler. Hence we can say that main() in c programming is user defined as well as predefined because it's prototype is predefined.
main() is a system (compiler) declared function whose defined by the user, which is invoked automatically by the operating system when program is being executed.
Its first function or entry point of the program from where program start executed, program's execution starts from the main. So main is an important function in c , c++ programming language.
Syntax for main() Function in C
void main()
{
.........
// codes start from here
.........
}
void
is a keyword in C language, void means nothing, whenever we use void as a function return type then that function nothing return. here main() function no return any value.
In place of void we can also use int return type of main() function, at that time main() return integer type value.
main
is a name of function which is predefined function in C library.
• An operating system always calls the main() function when a programmers or users execute their programming code.
• It is responsible for starting and ends of the program.
• It is a universally accepted keyword in programming language and cannot change its meaning and name.
• A main() function is a user-defined function in C that means we can pass parameters to the main() function according to the requirement of a program.
• A main() function is used to invoke the programming code at the run time, not at the compile time of a program.
• A main() function is followed by opening and closing parenthesis brackets.
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/* basic c program by main() function example */
#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
main()
{
printf (" It is a main() function ");
int fun2(); // jump to void fun1() function
printf ("\n Finally exit from the main() function. ");
}
void fun1()
{
printf (" It is a second function. ");
printf (" Exit from the void fun1() function. ");
}
int fun2()
{
void fun1(); // jump to the int fun1() function
printf (" It is a third function. ");
printf (" Exit from the int fun2() function. ");
return 0;
}
Program code display 'Fibonacci series' using recursion. Using "fibonacci_series()" that calls itself recursively, in order to display series for the entered number of terms. Program enter
Find the sum of natural numbers using While Loop. When you use while loop, you have to initialize the loop counter variable before the Loop & Increment or Decrement it inside the
Pipe the output of program to the input of another. Duplicate stdin and stdout so we can restore them later. Make the write end of the pipe stdout. Run the program. Its output will
This C Program to calculates the volume and surface area of cuboids. The Formula used in this program are surfacerea= 2(w * l + l * h + h * w) where w is Width & l is Length and h is
C Language program to calculates the area of trapezium. The Formula used in this program are Area = (1/2) * (x + y) * h where x and y are the Two Bases of Trapezium & h is the height.
